Women and power: what can the numbers tell us about women's voice, leadership and decision-making?

Research reports and studies

February 2016

Joseph Wales

This briefing provides an overview of existing global indicators for measuring women's voice and leadership.

It outlines the methodological and conceptual issues that should be taken into account when using these indicators and critically examines the current state of available data in terms of the wider universe of proposed indicators.

The briefing and database are available to download below.

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Women and power: what can the numbers tell us about women's voice, leadership and decision-making?

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Women and power: what can the numbers tell us about women's voice, leadership and decision-making? - Database of indicators

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Women's voice and leadership indicators database

The database outlines a range of indicators of women’s voice, leadership and decision-making that have been proposed and provides links and details of existing sources of this data.

It was compiled using three major sources of data (i) generic global social, political and economic indicator sets compiled by international organisations; (ii) specific global women’s empowerment indicator sets compiled by international organisations; and (iii) indicators used by academic papers, grey literature and evaluation reports.

Data sources were included where they are publically available, freely accessible online and provide data that is both internationally comparable and has been collected at more than one point in time. While extensive, this is not a comprehensive list of all data sources and the authors would appreciate any references that could help to further close data gaps.

A complete list of indicators is provided in the drop down menus below. The list includes both current indicators with links to the data source, and proposed indicators (designated by N/A for data sources). The accompanying briefing paper provides complete details of the conceptual framework and definitions used, as well as a complete list of sources and analysis of patterns of data coverage.

Domains

Economic indicators

Indicator	Indicator Type	Available Data	Source
Access to fertiliser and agricultural inputs	Resource		N/A
Accounting knowledge	Resource		N/A
Agricultural production rates by gender	Leadership/decision making		N/A
Allocations the state offers for important services, guarantees, and enforcement mechanisms around issues central to gender equity	Legal/Rights		N/A
Area dedicated to traditionally female crops	Resource		N/A
Attitudes to women in labour market	Attitudes		N/A
Autonomy over use of agricultural incomes	Leadership/decision making		N/A
Availability of government provided childcare	Resource		N/A
Average household expenditure of female/male headed households on education/health.	Leadership/decision making		N/A
Changes in % of property controlled by women and men (land, houses, livestock), across socio-economic and ethnic groups.	Leadership/decision making		N/A
Changes in % of property owned by women and men (land, houses, livestock), across socio-economic and ethnic groups.	Resource		N/A
Changes in time-use in selected activities, particularly greater sharing by household members of unpaid housework and child-care.	Leadership/decision making	National	ILO/EDGE
Childcare while working (access and type)	Resource	National & Sub-National	Demographic and Health Surveys
Decision on use of earnings (Decision maker)	Leadership/decision making	National & Sub-National	Demographic and Health Surveys
Distribution of agricultural holders, by sex	Resource	National	FAO Gender and Land Rights Database
Distribution of agricultural land area owned, by sex	Resource	National	FAO Gender and Land Rights Database
Distribution of agricultural land value owned, by sex	Resource	National	FAO Gender and Land Rights Database
Distribution of agricultural landowners, by sex	Resource	National	FAO Gender and Land Rights Database
Employment rate of persons aged 25-49 with a child under age 3 living in a household and with no children living in the household, by sex	Participation	National	ILO/EDGE
Equal ability for a woman to get a job or pursue a trade or profession in the same way as a man - married and unmarried distinction	Legal/Rights	National	World Bank Gender Equality Data and Statistics
Equal ability for a woman to open a bank account in the same way as a man - married and unmarried distinction	Legal/Rights	National	World Bank Gender Equality Data and Statistics
Equal ability for a woman to register a business in the same way as a man - married and unmarried distinction	Legal/Rights	National	World Bank Gender Equality Data and Statistics
Equal ability for a woman to sign a contract in the same way as a man - married and unmarried distinction	Legal/Rights	National	World Bank Gender Equality Data and Statistics
Equal pay legislation	Legal/Rights	National	World Bank Women, Business and the Law database
Equality between men and women for private sector employment	Participation	National	World Bank Women, Business and the Law database
Estimated GNI per capita, by sex	Resource	National	UNDP/HDR
Fear of eviction after divorce, separation or widowhood	Attitudes		N/A
Female employment levels and source of earning	Participation	National & Sub-National	Demographic and Health Surveys
Female professional and technical workers (as percentage of total)	Participation		N/A
Gender gap in wages	Resource	National	ILO/EDGE
Impact of maternity laws on hiring of women	Participation		N/A
Incidence of agricultural landownership, by sex	Resource	National	FAO Gender and Land Rights Database
Individual/Joint landholding with spouse	Resource		N/A
Informal employment as a proportion of total non-agricultural employment, by sex	Participation	National	ILO/EDGE
Labour force participation rate for persons aged 15-24, by sex	Participation	National	ILO/EDGE
Labour force participation rate for persons aged 15+, by sex	Participation	National	ILO/EDGE
Legal equality of male and female rights to access financial services i.e. credit, bank accounts and loans (impact of customary, traditional and religious practices)	Legal/Rights	National	Social Institutions and Gender Index
Legal equality of male and female rights to own, use and control land (impact of customary, traditional and religious practices)	Legal/Rights	National	Social Institutions and Gender Index
Legal equality of male and female rights to own, use and control non-land assets (impact of customary, traditional and religious practices)	Legal/Rights	National	Social Institutions and Gender Index
Legal quota levels for women on corporate boards	Legal/Rights	National	World Bank Gender Equality Data and Statistics
Legal quotas for the appointment of women in land dispute resolution committees	Legal/Rights	National	FAO Gender and Land Rights Database
Legal quotas for the appointment of women in land management and administration committees	Legal/Rights	National	FAO Gender and Land Rights Database
Legal rights of surviving spouse in terms of rights to the matrimonial house for life	Legal/Rights	National	FAO Gender and Land Rights Database
Legislation to allow joint tenure for urban and rural property with marital community of property (and joint administration) as the default)	Legal/Rights		N/A
Length of maternity leave (weeks)	Legal/Rights	National	OECD IAEG-GS
Length of paid paternity leave (weeks)	Legal/Rights	National	OECD IAEG-GS
Managerial control of farm	Leadership/decision making		N/A
Managerial control of loan	Leadership/decision making		N/A
Married couples jointly share legal responsibility for financially maintaining the family's expenses	Legal/Rights	National	World Bank Gender Equality Data and Statistics
Maternity leave benefits (percentage of wages paid in covered period)	Legal/Rights		N/A
Occupation (by gender)	Participation	National & Sub-National	Demographic and Health Surveys
Parental leave with job protection (weeks)	Legal/Rights	National	OECD IAEG-GS
Percentage distribution of employed population in agricultural sector, by sex	Participation	National	ILO/EDGE
Percentage distribution of employed population in industrial sector, by sex	Participation	National	ILO/EDGE
Percentage distribution of employed population in service sector, by sex	Participation	National	ILO/EDGE
Percentage firms with female top manager	Leadership/decision making	National	World Bank Gender Equality Data and Statistics
Percentage of available credit, financial and technical support services going to women/men from government/non-government sources.	Resource		N/A
Percentage of firms owned by women, by size	Leadership/decision making	National	ILO/EDGE
Percentage who believe that men get more opportunities for jobs that pay well, by sex	Attitudes	National	Pew Research Center
Percentage who think that when jobs are scarce, men should have more right to a job, by sex	Attitudes	National	Pew Research Center
Percentage who think women should be able to work outside the home, by sex	Attitudes	National	Pew Research Center
Perception of economic autonomy	Attitudes		N/A
Possession of formal/legal proof of tenure or ownership	Resource		N/A
Proportion of adult population owning land, by sex	Resource	National	World Bank/EDGE
Proportion of children under age 3 in formal care	Resource	National	OECD/EDGE
Proportion of employed who are employers, by sex	Leadership/decision making	National	ILO/EDGE
Proportion of employed who are own-account workers, by sex	Leadership/decision making	National	ILO/EDGE
Proportion of employed working part-time, by sex	Participation	National	ILO/EDGE
Proportion of population with access to credit, by sex	Resource	National	World Bank/EDGE
Proportion of women who migrate internationally	Participation		N/A
Quota mechanisms for women on corporate boards	Legal/Rights	National	World Bank Women, Business and the Law database
Regulations on male/female work hours and roles	Legal/Rights	National	World Bank Women, Business and the Law database
Regulations on part-time work (e.g. bans or limitations)	Legal/Rights		N/A
Relative contribution of women’s earnings to household expenditures (For married/living together and otherwise)	Resource	National & Sub-National	Demographic and Health Surveys
Relative male/female under-employment rates	Participation		N/A
Relative poverty of female headed households	Resource	National & Sub-National	Demographic and Health Surveys
Relative rates of female to male migration	Leadership/decision making		N/A
Relative size and profitability of female farming plots	Resource		N/A
Relative size and profitability of female owned firms (absolute and sectors)	Resource		N/A
"Representation of women’s economic interests in macroeconomic policies, state and federal budgets"	Leadership/decision making		N/A
Salary/wage differentials between women and men for similar work	Resource		N/A
Self-reported final say in making daily purchases (all women/married/non-married)	Leadership/decision making	National & Sub-National	Demographic and Health Surveys
Self-reported final say in making large purchases (all women/married/non-married)	Leadership/decision making	National & Sub-National	Demographic and Health Surveys
The legal framework includes provisions for the promotion of women’s rights to land, property, and/or productive resources.	Legal/Rights	National	FAO Gender and Land Rights Database
Total duration of paid maternity and parental leave (weeks)	Legal/Rights	National	OECD IAEG-GS
Under the law of succession, the surviving spouse is entitled to a minimum share of matrimonial property	Legal/Rights	National	FAO Gender and Land Rights Database
Whether sons and daughters have equal inheritance rights (and impact of traditional/religious/customary law)	Legal/Rights	National	Social Institutions and Gender Index
Whether widows and widowers have equal inheritance rights (and impact of traditional/religious/customary law)	Legal/Rights	National	Social Institutions and Gender Index
Women's control over earnings (who decides how to spend money - self/joint with partner etc. For married or living together and not)	Leadership/decision making	National & Sub-National	Demographic and Health Surveys
Women's share of managerial positions	Leadership/decision making	National	ILO/EDGE
Women’s involvement and/or representation in local trade associations and access to markets	Participation		N/A
Women’s representation in high paying jobs; women CEOs	Participation		N/A
Youth unemployment rate for persons aged 15-24, by sex	Participation	National	ILO/EDGE

Political indicators

Indicator	Indicator Type	Available Data	Source
Ability of married woman to convey citizenship to non-national spouse in the same way as a man	Legal/Rights	National	World Bank Gender Equality Data and Statistics
Ability of woman to confer citizenship to her children in the same way as a man - married/unmarried distinction	Legal/Rights	National	World Bank Gender Equality Data and Statistics
Awareness of own power in relation to others, and reliance of others on them. Ability to see leverage and mutual advantage in joint actions both for self and for others.	Attitudes		N/A
Breakdown of female CSO leadership by service delivery and advocacy organisations	Leadership/decision making		N/A
Budget size of CSO's led by men and women	Leadership/decision making		N/A
Chief Justice is currently female	Leadership/decision making	National	World Bank Gender Equality Data and Statistics
Collective awareness of injustice, potential of mobilization	Attitudes		N/A
"Community mobilization for rights; campaigns for rights awareness; effective local enforcement of legal rights"	Resource		N/A
Compulsory birth registration	Legal/Rights		N/A
Constitutional access to public goods	Legal/Rights		N/A
Constitutional equality - existence of non-discrimination clause, non-discrimination clause mentions gender, guarantee equality before the law	Legal/Rights	National	World Bank Gender Equality Data and Statistics
Contact with officials, politicians and other leaders, as well as form and reason of contact, by sex	Leadership/decision making	National	Global Barometer Surveys (including regional Partners - Afro Barometer, Arab Barometer, Asian Barometer, Eurasia Barometer and Latino Barometer)
Customary law - legal recognition of customary law as a source of law, validity/invalidity of customary law where it violates constitutional provisions on non-discrimination/equality	Legal/Rights	National	World Bank Gender Equality Data and Statistics
Degree of turnover in women's group leadership	Resource		N/A
Domestic support for political engagement	Attitudes		N/A
Equality of process for men and women when applying for passports and national ID cards - including married/unmarried woman distinction	Legal/Rights	National	World Bank Gender Equality Data and Statistics
Explicit constitutional provisions or laws on the rights of women	Legal/Rights	National	World Bank Gender Equality Data and Statistics
Exposure to mass media (newspapers, radio and television; by gender)	Resource	National & Sub-National	Demographic and Health Surveys
Extent to which officials and politicians listen to people like the respondent, by sex	Attitudes	National	Global Barometer Surveys (including regional Partners - Afro Barometer, Arab Barometer, Asian Barometer, Eurasia Barometer and Latino Barometer)
Extent to which women's groups form larger alliances and coalitions to achieve collective gains	Resource		N/A
Family support for political engagement	Attitudes		N/A
Female participation in village meetings (questions, complaints, requests etc.)	Participation		N/A
Funding for gender equality initiatives	Resource		N/A
Gender equity of evidentiary weight of testimony in court	Legal/Rights	National	World Bank Gender Equality Data and Statistics
"Knowledge of legal rights; domestic support for exercising rights"	Resource		N/A
Knowledge of political system and means of access to it (absolute and relative)	Resource		N/A
Legal quota levels for women in national parliament	Legal/Rights	National & Sub-National	World Bank Gender Equality Data and Statistics
Legal recognition of customary courts	Legal/Rights	National	World Bank Gender Equality Data and Statistics
Legal recognition of personal law courts	Legal/Rights	National	World Bank Gender Equality Data and Statistics
Number for female justices on the constitutional court	Leadership/decision making	National	World Bank Gender Equality Data and Statistics
Number of years of a female president or prime minister in the last 50 years	Participation		N/A
Participation rates in religious groups, voluntary associations or community group, by sex	Participation	National	Global Barometer Surveys (including regional Partners - Afro Barometer, Arab Barometer, Asian Barometer, Eurasia Barometer and Latino Barometer)
Participation rates in various forms of civic activity, by sex	Participation	National	Global Barometer Surveys (including regional Partners - Afro Barometer, Arab Barometer, Asian Barometer, Eurasia Barometer and Latino Barometer)
Participation rates in various forms of political activity during the last election, by sex	Participation	National	Global Barometer Surveys (including regional Partners - Afro Barometer, Arab Barometer, Asian Barometer, Eurasia Barometer and Latino Barometer)
Percentage believe men make better political leaders than women, by sex	Attitudes	National	Global Barometer Surveys (including regional Partners - Afro Barometer, Arab Barometer, Asian Barometer, Eurasia Barometer and Latino Barometer)
Percentage believe women have the same chance of election to office as men , by sex	Attitudes	National	Global Barometer Surveys (including regional Partners - Afro Barometer, Arab Barometer, Asian Barometer, Eurasia Barometer and Latino Barometer)
Percentage of men and women who voted in last election and reasons why, if not	Leadership/decision making	National	Global Barometer Surveys (including regional Partners - Afro Barometer, Arab Barometer, Asian Barometer, Eurasia Barometer and Latino Barometer)
Percentage of women in decision-making positions in local government.	Leadership/decision making		N/A
Percentage of women in senior/junior decision making positions within civil society organisations	Leadership/decision making		N/A
Percentage of women in senior/junior decision making positions within political parties	Leadership/decision making		N/A
Percentage of women in senior/junior decision making positions within unions.	Leadership/decision making		N/A
Percentage of women participating in political actions - signing a petition, joining in boycotts, attending peaceful demonstrations, joining strikes, any other (any time and recent, absolute and relative to men)	Participation	National & Sub-National	World Values Survey
Percentage of women who are members of - churches, environmental organisations, humanitarian or charitable organisations, consumer organisations, self-help/mutual aid groups - absolute and relative to men	Participation	National & Sub-National	World Values Survey
Percentage of women who are members of professional associations - absolute and relative to men	Participation	National & Sub-National	World Values Survey
Percentage of women who are union members - absolute and relative to men	Participation	National & Sub-National	World Values Survey
Percentage of women with birth certificates	Resource		N/A
Percentage of women/men who are members of political parties - absolute and relative to men	Participation	National & Sub-National	World Values Survey
Political funding networks/mechanisms for female candidates	Resource		N/A
Presence of gender budgets	Legal/Rights		N/A
Presence of machinery to monitor and sanction on equality legislation (e.g. independent ombudsman, political committees, service delivery contracts)	Resource		N/A
Presence of specific committees on gender issues with "mainstreaming" mission	Participation		N/A
Presence of strong, autonomous feminist movements	Leadership/decision making		N/A
Presence of women in parliamentary committees and caucuses	Participation		N/A
Presence of women's caucuses (lower/upper house, formal/informal, cross party status, female only status, rules status, presence of strategic plan, presence of communication plan, issues covered - family, gender, other)	Participation	National	Inter-Parliamentary Union
Profiling of women's issues in policymaking	Leadership/decision making		N/A
Proportion of candidates for public office that are female	Participation		N/A
Proportion of female ministers in charge of "feminine"/"masculine" ministries	Leadership/decision making		N/A
Proportion of female ministers in charge of "high prestige"/"low prestige" ministries	Leadership/decision making		N/A
Proportion of females among tertiary education teachers or professors	Leadership/decision making	National	UNESCO Institute for Statistics/EDGE
Proportion of seats held by women in national parliament (upper and lower house)	Participation	National	Inter-Parliamentary Union/EDGE
Proportion of victorious candidates for public office that are female	Participation		N/A
Public expenditure on female priorities/needs	Leadership/decision making		N/A
Quota mechanisms for representation in local government (party lists, reserved seats, proportion of candidates, voluntary/mandatory etc.)	Legal/Rights	National	World Bank Women, Business and the Law database
Quota mechanisms for representation in national legislature (party lists, reserved seats, proportion of candidates, voluntary/mandatory etc.)	Legal/Rights	National	World Bank Women, Business and the Law database
Representation of women’s interests in effective lobbies and interest groups	Leadership/decision making		N/A
Right to be a member of political party	Legal/Rights		N/A
Right to hold public office	Legal/Rights		N/A
Self-reported percentage of men and women who vote in national elections	Leadership/decision making	National & Sub-National	World Values Survey
Share of female judges	Leadership/decision making	National	UNODC/EDGE
Share of female police officers	Participation	National	UNODC/EDGE
Signatory of international agreements and principles on women's rights e.g. CEDAW, Beijing Plan for Action	Legal/Rights		N/A
Skills, confidence, and knowledge to hold duty bearers and the powerful accountable; recognition that human rights bring, also, forms of accountability to every individual	Attitudes		N/A
Strength as a voting bloc	Resource		N/A
Willingness to complain and take action on issues e.g. health care provision	Attitudes		N/A
Women's share of government ministerial positions	Leadership/decision making	National	Inter-Parliamentary Union/EDGE
Women’s participation in peace processes, agreements and negotiations	Participation		N/A

Social indicators

Indicator	Indicator Type	Available Data	Source
Ability to make childbearing decisions: use contraception, access abortion	Leadership/decision making	National & Sub-National	Demographic and Health Surveys
Acceptability of divorce	Attitudes		N/A
Access to anti-retroviral drug, by sex	Resource	National	WHO/EDGE
Access to information and skills that a woman deems helpful or necessary; awareness that such information/skills even exist	Resource		N/A
Actions during pregnancy - food, work and seeking healthcare	Leadership/decision making		N/A
Adjusted net enrolment rate in primary education by sex	Resource	National	UNESCO Institute for Statistics/EDGE
Adjusted net intake rate to the first grade of primary education, by sex	Resource	National	UNESCO Institute for Statistics/EDGE
Adolescent birth rate	Resource	National	UNPD/EDGE
Adolescent birth rate by economic quintile	Resource	National	World Bank Gender Equality Data and Statistics
Adult mortality 15-34 years by cause	Resource	National	WHO/EDGE
Adult mortality 35-59 years by cause	Resource	National	WHO/EDGE
Advocacy for rights and legislation	Participation		N/A
Age at first birth (Women only)	Resource	National & Sub-National	Demographic and Health Surveys
Age at first marriage (actual, by gender)	Resource	National	Demographic and Health Surveys
Age at first marriage (median, by gender)	Resource	National & Sub-National	Demographic and Health Surveys
Age at first sexual intercourse (actual, by gender)	Resource	National	Demographic and Health Surveys
Age at first sexual intercourse (median, by gender)	Resource	National & Sub-National	Demographic and Health Surveys
Age gap with spouse	Resource	National & Sub-National	Demographic and Health Surveys
Antenatal care coverage, at least four visits	Resource	National	UNICEF/EDGE
Antenatal care coverage, at least one visit	Resource	National	UNICEF/EDGE
Aspirations for education and jobs (Children and parents for children)	Attitudes		N/A
Attitudes of couples to family planning (by gender - both agree, both disagree, agree but spouse opposed etc.)	Attitudes	National & Sub-National	Demographic and Health Surveys
Attitudes to FGM and violence against women	Attitudes		N/A
Average number of hours spent on paid and unpaid domestic work combined (total work burden), by sex	Resource	National	ILO/EDGE
Average number of hours spent on unpaid domestic work by sex (NB - Only partial separation of housework and childcare)	Resource	National	ILO/EDGE
Belief in equal rights between husband and wife in the family	Attitudes		N/A
Beliefs regarding male and female quality of life (better male, female or the same), by sex	Attitudes	National	Pew Research Center
Beliefs regarding most satisfying marriage - husband provides or both husband and wife have jobs	Attitudes	National	Pew Research Center
Contraceptive prevalence among women who are married or in a union, aged 15-49	Leadership/decision making	National & Sub-National	UNPD/EDGE
Control over sexual relations	Leadership/decision making		N/A
Control over spouse selection and marriage timing	Leadership/decision making		N/A
Criminal sanctions for sexual harassment	Legal/Rights	National	World Bank Gender Equality Data and Statistics
Criminal sanctions for sexual harassment in employment	Legal/Rights	National	World Bank Gender Equality Data and Statistics
Current marital status (by gender)	Resource	National	Demographic and Health Surveys
Current use of any modern method of contraception (married women)	Resource	National & Sub-National	Demographic and Health Surveys
Degree of sexual communication and negotiation	Leadership/decision making		N/A
Degree to which duty bearers ensure that women have the chance to know what they’re due, how they can access this, and what to do in the event that they are denied information or services	Resource		N/A
Discussion of family planning with spouse (by gender)	Resource	National	Demographic and Health Surveys
Domestic violence legislation includes emotional abuse	Legal/Rights	National	World Bank Gender Equality Data and Statistics
Domestic violence legislation includes financial abuse	Legal/Rights	National	World Bank Gender Equality Data and Statistics
Domestic violence legislation includes physical abuse	Legal/Rights	National	World Bank Gender Equality Data and Statistics
Domestic violence legislation includes sexual abuse	Legal/Rights	National	World Bank Gender Equality Data and Statistics
Domestic violence legislation protects women in unmarried intimate relationships	Legal/Rights	National	World Bank Gender Equality Data and Statistics
Education gap with spouse	Resource	National & Sub-National	Demographic and Health Surveys
Educational attainment (lower secondary) of the population aged 25 and older, by sex	Resource	National	UNESCO Institute for Statistics/EDGE
Educational attainment (post-secondary) of the population aged 25 and older, by sex	Resource	National	UNESCO Institute for Statistics/EDGE
Educational attainment (primary) of the population aged 25 and older, by sex	Resource	National	UNESCO Institute for Statistics/EDGE
Educational attainment (tertiary) of the population aged 25 and older, by sex	Resource	National	UNESCO Institute for Statistics/EDGE
Educational attainment (upper secondary) of the population aged 25 and older, by sex	Resource	National	UNESCO Institute for Statistics/EDGE
Effective transition rate from primary to secondary education (general programmes), by sex	Resource	National	UNESCO Institute for Statistics/EDGE
Enforcement of legislation related to the protection of human rights, as well as specially designed laws and judicial services to promote gender equity	Resource		N/A
Equal ability for a woman to be "head of household" or "head of family" in the same way as a man - married and unmarried distinction	Legal/Rights	National	World Bank Gender Equality Data and Statistics
Equal ability for a woman to choose where to live in the same way as a man - married and unmarried distinction	Legal/Rights	National	World Bank Gender Equality Data and Statistics
Equal ability for a woman to travel outside her home in the same way as a man - married and unmarried distinction	Legal/Rights	National	World Bank Gender Equality Data and Statistics
Equality of process for men and women travelling outside the country - married and unmarried distinction	Legal/Rights	National	World Bank Gender Equality Data and Statistics
Evidence of "missing women"	Resource	National	Social Institutions and Gender Index
Existence of government office tasked with addressing sexual harassment	Legal/Rights	National	World Bank Gender Equality Data and Statistics
Experience of crime and levels of crime reporting, by sex	Resource	National	Global Barometer Surveys (including regional Partners - Afro Barometer, Arab Barometer, Asian Barometer, Eurasia Barometer and Latino Barometer)
Extent of training or networking among local women, as compared to men.	Resource		N/A
Fear of crime, by sex	Resource	National	Global Barometer Surveys (including regional Partners - Afro Barometer, Arab Barometer, Asian Barometer, Eurasia Barometer and Latino Barometer)
Fear walking in neighbourhood, by sex	Resource	National	Global Barometer Surveys (including regional Partners - Afro Barometer, Arab Barometer, Asian Barometer, Eurasia Barometer and Latino Barometer)
Female headed households, % of total households	Leadership/decision making	National & Sub-National	World Bank Gender Equality Data and Statistics
Female literacy levels	Resource	National & Sub-National	Demographic and Health Surveys
Female nutritional intake	Resource		N/A
Female school attendance rates	Resource	National & Sub-National	Demographic and Health Surveys
Femicide rates	Resource		N/A
Gender attitudes/attitudes towards women in society (Also by strategic block e.g. government officials, trade unions etc.)	Attitudes		N/A
Gender parity index of the gross enrolment ratio in primary education	Resource	National	UNESCO Institute for Statistics/EDGE
Gender parity index of the gross enrolment ratio in secondary education	Resource	National	UNESCO Institute for Statistics/EDGE
Gender parity index of the gross enrolment ratio in tertiary education	Resource	National	UNESCO Institute for Statistics/EDGE
Girl child health outcomes - height for age, stunting, weight for height, BMI	Resource	National & Sub-National	Demographic and Health Surveys
Gross enrolment ratio in secondary education, by sex	Resource	National	UNESCO Institute for Statistics/EDGE
Gross enrolment ratio in tertiary education, by sex	Resource	National	UNESCO Institute for Statistics/EDGE
Gross graduation ratio from lower secondary education, by sex	Resource	National	UNESCO Institute for Statistics/EDGE
Ideal and actual number of children (actual and mean, by gender)	Leadership/decision making	National	Demographic and Health Surveys
Imbalances in definitions of adultery	Legal/Rights		N/A
Increase/decrease in violence against women	Resource	National & Sub-National	Demographic and Health Surveys
Inequalities in child health indicators (vaccination rates, BMI, rates of malnutrition/stunting)	Resource	National & Sub-National	Demographic and Health Surveys
Knowledge of laws around issues of women's social positions, status, equality etc.	Resource		N/A
Law guarantees equal women and men have the same right to be the legal guardian of a child during marriage (also impact of customary/traditional/religious laws)	Legal/Rights	National	Social Institutions and Gender Index
Law guarantees women and men have the same right to be the legal guardian of and have custody rights over a child after divorce (also impact of customary/traditional/religious laws) (Social Institutions and Gender Index)	Legal/Rights	National	Social Institutions and Gender Index
Laws on sex selection technology	Legal/Rights		N/A
"Laws supporting women’s rights, access to resources and options"	Legal/Rights		N/A
Legal age of marriage is the same for men and women (above/below 18)	Legal/Rights	National	Social Institutions and Gender Index
Legal age of marriage is the same for men and women, but customary/traditional/religious laws discriminate against some women	Legal/Rights	National	Social Institutions and Gender Index
Legislation on rape recognises marital rape	Legal/Rights	National	Social Institutions and Gender Index
Legislation on sexual harassment in education	Legal/Rights	National	World Bank Gender Equality Data and Statistics
Legislation on sexual harassment in employment	Legal/Rights	National	World Bank Gender Equality Data and Statistics
Legislation on sexual harassment in public spaces	Legal/Rights	National	World Bank Gender Equality Data and Statistics
Legislation on sexual harassment in service provision	Legal/Rights	National	World Bank Gender Equality Data and Statistics
Legislation specifically addresses sexual harassment	Legal/Rights	National	World Bank Gender Equality Data and Statistics
Legislation specifically addressing domestic violence	Legal/Rights	National	World Bank Gender Equality Data and Statistics
Level of out-of-pocket health expenditure/public health spending/subsidies by gender	Resource		N/A
Life expectancy at age 60, by sex	Resource	National	UNPD/EDGE
Life expectancy at birth, by sex	Resource	National	UNDP/HDR
Local campaigns against domestic violence	Leadership/decision making		N/A
Local campaigns against domestic violence	Participation		N/A
Male and female perceptions of gender equality	Attitudes	National & Sub-National	World Values Survey
Male/Female performance at school in different subjects	Resource		N/A
Maternal mortality ratio	Resource	National	WHO/EDGE
Mean years of schooling, by sex	Resource	National	UNESCO Institute for Statistics
Mobility of women/men within and outside their residential locality, as compared to men.	Participation		N/A
Need for family planning services amongst currently married women	Attitudes	National & Sub-National	Demographic and Health Surveys
Number of cases related to the legal rights of divorced and widowed women heard in local courts, and the results.	Resource		N/A
Number of cases related to women's rights heard in local courts, and their results.	Participation		N/A
Number of co-wives (women only)	Attitudes	National & Sub-National	Demographic and Health Surveys
Numbers of women in local institutions (e.g. women's associations, consciousness raising or income generating groups, local churches, ethnic and kinship associations) relative to project area population,	Participation		N/A
Numbers of women in positions of power in local organizations	Leadership/decision making		N/A
Nursing and midwifery personnel per 1000 head of population	Resource	National	Global Health Observatory
Outlawing of domestic violence	Legal/Rights	National	World Bank Women, Business and the Law database
Parental control on marriage	Resource		N/A
Percentage believing men and women should have equal rights, by sex	Attitudes	National	Pew Research Center
Percentage of births attended by skilled health staff	Resource	National & Sub-National	Demographic and Health Surveys
Percentage of men and women accessing ICT's, internet and mobile phones	Resource		N/A
Percentage of men and women who believe it is justifiable for man to beat his wife	Attitudes	National & Sub-National	World Values Survey
Percentage of sexually active men/women not using modern contraception who don't want children for at least 2 years	Leadership/decision making	National & Sub-National	Demographic and Health Surveys
Percentage of those supporting equal rights who believe more changes are needed, by sex	Attitudes	National	Pew Research Center
Percentage of those supporting equal rights who believe most changes have been made, by sex	Attitudes	National	Pew Research Center
Percentage of women aged 20-24 years who were married or in a union before age 18	Resource	National	UNICEF/EDGE
Percentage of women ages 15-49 who believe a husband/partner is justified in hitting or beating his wife/partner for any of five reasons	Attitudes	National	World Bank Gender Equality Data and Statistics
Percentage of women with no say in own health care	Leadership/decision making	National & Sub-National	Demographic and Health Surveys
Percentage of women with no say in visits to friends	Leadership/decision making	National & Sub-National	Demographic and Health Surveys
Percentage who believe university education is more important for a boy than a girl, by sex	Attitudes	National	Pew Research Center
Percentage who believe women should have the right to decide if they wear a veil, by sex	Attitudes	National	Pew Research Center
Political, legal, religious support for options for divorce (or lack of active opposition)	Legal/Rights		N/A
Positive images of self, belief in one’s abilities, feelings of self-efficacy	Attitudes		N/A
Positive media images of women as well as their roles and contributions	Attitudes		N/A
Presence of law requiring married woman to obey their husbands	Legal/Rights	National	World Bank Gender Equality Data and Statistics
Presence of services and trained professionals for victims of VAW	Resource		N/A
Presence of specific legislation on rape	Legal/Rights	National	Social Institutions and Gender Index
Prevalence of FGM/cutting	Resource	National & Sub-National	Demographic and Health Surveys
Prevalence of sexual harassment	Resource		N/A
Primary education completion rate (proxy), by sex	Resource	National	UNESCO Institute for Statistics/EDGE
Proportion of births attended by a skilled health professional	Resource	National	UNESCO Institute for Statistics/EDGE
Proportion of ever-partnered women (aged 15-49) subjected to physical and/or sexual violence by a current or former intimate partner, in the last 12 months	Resource	National	UNSD, WHO/EDGE
Proportion of households with access to mass media (radio, TV, internet), by sex of household head	Resource	National	International Telecommunication Union/EDGE
Proportion of individuals using mobile/cellular telephones, by sex	Resource	National	International Telecommunication Union/EDGE
Proportion of individuals using the internet, by sex	Resource	National	International Telecommunication Union/EDGE
Proportion of women (aged 15-49) subjected to sexual violence by persons other than an intimate partner, since age 15	Resource	National	UNSD, WHO/EDGE
Rate at which the number of local justices/ prosecutors/ lawyers who are women/men is increasing/decreasing.	Participation		N/A
Rate at which the number of women/men in the local police force, by rank, is increasing or decreasing.	Participation		N/A
Rates of contact with courts, ease of obtaining assistance and bribes paid in process, by gender	Participation	National	Global Barometer Surveys (including regional Partners - Afro Barometer, Arab Barometer, Asian Barometer, Eurasia Barometer and Latino Barometer)
Rates of conviction for sexual assault	Resource		N/A
Rates of intimate partner violence	Resource	National & Sub-National	Demographic and Health Surveys
Reason for discontinuing contraceptive use (including husband disapproved and knowledge/access issues)	Leadership/decision making	National & Sub-National	Demographic and Health Surveys
Reason for not using contraception (by gender, including spouse disapproval and knowledge/access issues)	Leadership/decision making	National	Demographic and Health Surveys
Reasons for female leaving school	Attitudes	National & Sub-National	Demographic and Health Surveys
Reasons for non-reporting of crime, by sex	Attitudes	National	Global Barometer Surveys (including regional Partners - Afro Barometer, Arab Barometer, Asian Barometer, Eurasia Barometer and Latino Barometer)
Reduction in the practice of dowry	Attitudes		N/A
Regional/national trends in timing of marriage: political, legal, religious support for (or lack of active opposition to)	Resource		N/A
Relationship skills demonstrated by male partners	Attitudes		N/A
Repealing of mitigating legislation around honour crimes	Legal/Rights		N/A
Reporting of crimes against women	Participation		N/A
Representation of female in myth and ritual	Attitudes		N/A
Right to social protection	Legal/Rights		N/A
Scale of perceived freedom of choice and control over own life, by sex	Attitudes	National & Sub-National	World Values Survey
Scale of satisfaction with life, by sex	Attitudes	National & Sub-National	World Values Survey
Seeking assistance in cases of domestic violence	Leadership/decision making	National & Sub-National	Demographic and Health Surveys
Self selection of spouses	Leadership/decision making		N/A
Self-reported final say in all decision categories (health case; large purchases; daily purchases; visits to family, relatives, friends; and what food to cook daily) (all women/married/non-married)	Leadership/decision making	National & Sub-National	Demographic and Health Surveys
Self-reported final say in own health care (all women/married/non-married)	Leadership/decision making	National & Sub-National	Demographic and Health Surveys
Self-reported final say in visits to family, relatives, friends (all women/married/non-married)	Leadership/decision making	National & Sub-National	Demographic and Health Surveys
Self-reported final say in what to cook daily (all women/married/non-married)	Leadership/decision making	National & Sub-National	Demographic and Health Surveys
Sex ratios of infant and under-five mortality	Resource	National & Sub-National	Demographic and Health Surveys
Sexual relationships of non-married women	Attitudes	National & Sub-National	Demographic and Health Surveys
Share of female science, engineering, manufacturing and construction graduates at tertiary level	Resource	National	UNESCO Institute for Statistics/EDGE
Shift in patriarchal norms (such as son preference)	Attitudes		N/A
Specialised court or procedure for cases of domestic violence	Legal/Rights	National	World Bank Gender Equality Data and Statistics
Systems providing easy access to contraception, safe abortion, reproductive health services	Resource		N/A
Teenage pregnancy and motherhood	Resource	National & Sub-National	Demographic and Health Surveys
The effect of the enforcement of legislation in terms of treatment of offenders against women.	Resource		N/A
Total fertility rates - births per woman	Resource	National	World Bank Gender Equality Data and Statistics
Total fertility rates - births per woman by economic quintile	Resource	National	World Bank Gender Equality Data and Statistics
Under-five mortality rate, by sex	Resource	National	UNICEF/EDGE
Unmet need for contraceptives	Resource	National & Sub-National	Demographic and Health Surveys
Use of judicial system to redress rights violations	Leadership/decision making		N/A
Value of male/female child	Attitudes		N/A
Women's attitude toward refusing sex with husband (Agreeing with all or none of specified reasons/specified reasons for refusal)	Attitudes	National & Sub-National	Demographic and Health Surveys
Women's attitude toward wife beating (justification for various reasons)	Attitudes	National & Sub-National	Demographic and Health Surveys
Women's participation in decision making (Self/joint with partner etc. - breakdown by five areas of decision making. For married or living together and not)	Leadership/decision making	National	Demographic and Health Surveys
Women's share of population aged 15-49 living with HIV/AIDS	Resource	National	UNICEF/EDGE
Women’s access to modern transportation	Participation		N/A
Women’s participation in extra-familial groups and social networks	Participation		N/A
Women’s sense of inclusion and entitlement	Attitudes		N/A
"Women’s visibility in and access to social spaces"	Participation		N/A
Youth literacy rate of persons (15-24 years), by sex	Resource	National	UNESCO Institute for Statistics/EDGE

Indicator types

Leadership and decision-making

Indicator	Domain	Available Data	Source
Ability to make childbearing decisions: use contraception, access abortion	Social	National & Sub-National	Demographic and Health Surveys
Actions during pregnancy - food, work and seeking healthcare	Social		N/A
Agricultural production rates by gender	Economic		N/A
Autonomy over use of agricultural incomes	Economic		N/A
Average household expenditure of female/male headed households on education/health.	Economic		N/A
Breakdown of female CSO leadership by service delivery and advocacy organisations	Political		N/A
Budget size of CSO's led by men and women	Political		N/A
Changes in % of property controlled by women and men (land, houses, livestock), across socio-economic and ethnic groups.	Economic		N/A
Changes in time-use in selected activities, particularly greater sharing by household members of unpaid housework and child-care.	Economic	National	ILO/EDGE
Chief Justice is currently female	Political	National	World Bank Gender Equality Data and Statistics
Contact with officials, politicians and other leaders, as well as form and reason of contact, by sex	Political	National	Global Barometer Surveys (including regional Partners - Afro Barometer, Arab Barometer, Asian Barometer, Eurasia Barometer and Latino Barometer)
Contraceptive prevalence among women who are married or in a union, aged 15-49	Social	National & Sub-National	UNPD/EDGE
Control over sexual relations	Social		N/A
Control over spouse selection and marriage timing	Social		N/A
Decision on use of earnings (Decision maker)	Economic	National & Sub-National	Demographic and Health Surveys
Degree of sexual communication and negotiation	Social		N/A
Female headed households, % of total households	Social	National & Sub-National	World Bank Gender Equality Data and Statistics
Ideal and actual number of children (actual and mean, by gender)	Social	National	Demographic and Health Surveys
Local campaigns against domestic violence	Social		N/A
Managerial control of farm	Economic		N/A
Managerial control of loan	Economic		N/A
Number for female justices on the constitutional court	Political	National	World Bank Gender Equality Data and Statistics
Numbers of women in positions of power in local organizations	Social		N/A
Percentage firms with female top manager	Economic	National	World Bank Gender Equality Data and Statistics
Percentage of firms owned by women, by size	Economic	National	ILO/EDGE
Percentage of men and women who voted in last election and reasons why, if not	Political	National	Global Barometer Surveys (including regional Partners - Afro Barometer, Arab Barometer, Asian Barometer, Eurasia Barometer and Latino Barometer)
Percentage of sexually active men/women not using modern contraception who don't want children for at least 2 years	Social	National & Sub-National	Demographic and Health Surveys
Percentage of women in decision-making positions in local government.	Political		N/A
Percentage of women in senior/junior decision making positions within civil society organisations	Political		N/A
Percentage of women in senior/junior decision making positions within political parties	Political		N/A
Percentage of women in senior/junior decision making positions within unions.	Political		N/A
Percentage of women with no say in own health care	Social	National & Sub-National	Demographic and Health Surveys
Percentage of women with no say in visits to friends	Social	National & Sub-National	Demographic and Health Surveys
Presence of strong, autonomous feminist movements	Political		N/A
Profiling of women's issues in policymaking	Political		N/A
Proportion of employed who are employers, by sex	Economic	National	ILO/EDGE
Proportion of employed who are own-account workers, by sex	Economic	National	ILO/EDGE
Proportion of female ministers in charge of "feminine"/"masculine" ministries	Political		N/A
Proportion of female ministers in charge of "high prestige"/"low prestige" ministries	Political		N/A
Proportion of females among tertiary education teachers or professors	Political	National	UNESCO Institute for Statistics/EDGE
Public expenditure on female priorities/needs	Political		N/A
Reason for discontinuing contraceptive use (including husband disapproved and knowledge/access issues)	Social	National & Sub-National	Demographic and Health Surveys
Reason for not using contraception (by gender, including spouse disapproval and knowledge/access issues)	Social	National	Demographic and Health Surveys
Relative rates of female to male migration	Economic		N/A
"Representation of women’s economic interests in macroeconomic policies, state and federal budgets"	Economic		N/A
Representation of women’s interests in effective lobbies and interest groups	Political		N/A
Seeking assistance in cases of domestic violence	Social	National & Sub-National	Demographic and Health Surveys
Self selection of spouses	Social		N/A
Self-reported final say in all decision categories (health case; large purchases; daily purchases; visits to family, relatives, friends; and what food to cook daily) (all women/married/non-married)	Social	National & Sub-National	Demographic and Health Surveys
Self-reported final say in making daily purchases (all women/married/non-married)	Economic	National & Sub-National	Demographic and Health Surveys
Self-reported final say in making large purchases (all women/married/non-married)	Economic	National & Sub-National	Demographic and Health Surveys
Self-reported final say in own health care (all women/married/non-married)	Social	National & Sub-National	Demographic and Health Surveys
Self-reported final say in visits to family, relatives, friends (all women/married/non-married)	Social	National & Sub-National	Demographic and Health Surveys
Self-reported final say in what to cook daily (all women/married/non-married)	Social	National & Sub-National	Demographic and Health Surveys
Self-reported percentage of men and women who vote in national elections	Political	National & Sub-National	World Values Survey
Share of female judges	Political	National	UNODC/EDGE
Use of judicial system to redress rights violations	Social		N/A
Women's control over earnings (who decides how to spend money - self/joint with partner etc. For married or living together and not)	Economic	National & Sub-National	Demographic and Health Surveys
Women's participation in decision making (Self/joint with partner etc. - breakdown by five areas of decision making. For married or living together and not)	Social	National	Demographic and Health Surveys
Women's share of government ministerial positions	Political	National	Inter-Parliamentary Union/EDGE
Women's share of managerial positions	Economic	National	ILO/EDGE

Attitudes and perceptions

Indicator	Domain	Available Data	Source
Acceptability of divorce	Social		N/A
Aspirations for education and jobs (Children and parents for children)	Social		N/A
Attitudes of couples to family planning (by gender - both agree, both disagree, agree but spouse opposed etc.)	Social	National & Sub-National	Demographic and Health Surveys
Attitudes to FGM and violence against women	Social		N/A
Attitudes to women in labour market	Economic		N/A
Awareness of own power in relation to others, and reliance of others on them. Ability to see leverage and mutual advantage in joint actions both for self and for others.	Political		N/A
Belief in equal rights between husband and wife in the family	Social		N/A
Beliefs regarding male and female quality of life (better male, female or the same), by sex	Social	National	Pew Research Center
Beliefs regarding most satisfying marriage - husband provides or both husband and wife have jobs	Social	National	Pew Research Center
Collective awareness of injustice, potential of mobilization	Political		N/A
Domestic support for political engagement	Political		N/A
Extent to which officials and politicians listen to people like the respondent, by sex	Political	National	Global Barometer Surveys (including regional Partners - Afro Barometer, Arab Barometer, Asian Barometer, Eurasia Barometer and Latino Barometer)
Family support for political engagement	Political		N/A
Fear of eviction after divorce, separation or widowhood	Economic		N/A
Gender attitudes/attitudes towards women in society (Also by strategic block e.g. government officials, trade unions etc.)	Social		N/A
Male and female perceptions of gender equality	Social	National & Sub-National	World Values Survey
Need for family planning services amongst currently married women	Social	National & Sub-National	Demographic and Health Surveys
Number of co-wives (women only)	Social	National & Sub-National	Demographic and Health Surveys
Percentage believe men make better political leaders than women, by sex	Political	National	Global Barometer Surveys (including regional Partners - Afro Barometer, Arab Barometer, Asian Barometer, Eurasia Barometer and Latino Barometer)
Percentage believe women have the same chance of election to office as men , by sex	Political	National	Global Barometer Surveys (including regional Partners - Afro Barometer, Arab Barometer, Asian Barometer, Eurasia Barometer and Latino Barometer)
Percentage believing men and women should have equal rights, by sex	Social	National	Pew Research Center
Percentage of men and women who believe it is justifiable for man to beat his wife	Social	National & Sub-National	World Values Survey
Percentage of those supporting equal rights who believe more changes are needed, by sex	Social	National	Pew Research Center
Percentage of those supporting equal rights who believe most changes have been made, by sex	Social	National	Pew Research Center
Percentage of women ages 15-49 who believe a husband/partner is justified in hitting or beating his wife/partner for any of five reasons	Social	National	World Bank Gender Equality Data and Statistics
Percentage who believe that men get more opportunities for jobs that pay well, by sex	Economic	National	Pew Research Center
Percentage who believe university education is more important for a boy than a girl, by sex	Social	National	Pew Research Center
Percentage who believe women should have the right to decide if they wear a veil, by sex	Social	National	Pew Research Center
Percentage who think that when jobs are scarce, men should have more right to a job, by sex	Economic	National	Pew Research Center
Percentage who think women should be able to work outside the home, by sex	Economic	National	Pew Research Center
Perception of economic autonomy	Economic		N/A
Positive images of self, belief in one’s abilities, feelings of self-efficacy	Social		N/A
Positive media images of women as well as their roles and contributions	Social		N/A
Reasons for female leaving school	Social	National & Sub-National	Demographic and Health Surveys
Reasons for non-reporting of crime, by sex	Social	National	Global Barometer Surveys (including regional Partners - Afro Barometer, Arab Barometer, Asian Barometer, Eurasia Barometer and Latino Barometer)
Reduction in the practice of dowry	Social		N/A
Relationship skills demonstrated by male partners	Social		N/A
Representation of female in myth and ritual	Social		N/A
Scale of perceived freedom of choice and control over own life, by sex	Social	National & Sub-National	World Values Survey
Scale of satisfaction with life, by sex	Social	National & Sub-National	World Values Survey
Sexual relationships of non-married women	Social	National & Sub-National	Demographic and Health Surveys
Shift in patriarchal norms (such as son preference)	Social		N/A
Skills, confidence, and knowledge to hold duty bearers and the powerful accountable; recognition that human rights bring, also, forms of accountability to every individual	Political		N/A
Value of male/female child	Social		N/A
Willingness to complain and take action on issues e.g. health care provision	Political		N/A
Women's attitude toward refusing sex with husband (Agreeing with all or none of specified reasons/specified reasons for refusal)	Social	National & Sub-National	Demographic and Health Surveys
Women's attitude toward wife beating (justification for various reasons)	Social	National & Sub-National	Demographic and Health Surveys
Women’s sense of inclusion and entitlement	Social		N/A

Legal measures and constitutional rights

Indicator	Domain	Available Data	Source
Ability of married woman to convey citizenship to non-national spouse in the same way as a man	Political	National	World Bank Gender Equality Data and Statistics
Ability of woman to confer citizenship to her children in the same way as a man - married/unmarried distinction	Political	National	World Bank Gender Equality Data and Statistics
Allocations the state offers for important services, guarantees, and enforcement mechanisms around issues central to gender equity	Economic		N/A
Compulsory birth registration	Political		N/A
Constitutional access to public goods	Political		N/A
Constitutional equality - existence of non-discrimination clause, non-discrimination clause mentions gender, guarantee equality before the law	Political	National	World Bank Gender Equality Data and Statistics
Criminal sanctions for sexual harassment	Social	National	World Bank Gender Equality Data and Statistics
Criminal sanctions for sexual harassment in employment	Social	National	World Bank Gender Equality Data and Statistics
Customary law - legal recognition of customary law as a source of law, validity/invalidity of customary law where it violates constitutional provisions on non-discrimination/equality	Political	National	World Bank Gender Equality Data and Statistics
Domestic violence legislation includes emotional abuse	Social	National	World Bank Gender Equality Data and Statistics
Domestic violence legislation includes financial abuse	Social	National	World Bank Gender Equality Data and Statistics
Domestic violence legislation includes physical abuse	Social	National	World Bank Gender Equality Data and Statistics
Domestic violence legislation includes sexual abuse	Social	National	World Bank Gender Equality Data and Statistics
Domestic violence legislation protects women in unmarried intimate relationships	Social	National	World Bank Gender Equality Data and Statistics
Equal ability for a woman to be "head of household" or "head of family" in the same way as a man - married and unmarried distinction	Social	National	World Bank Gender Equality Data and Statistics
Equal ability for a woman to choose where to live in the same way as a man - married and unmarried distinction	Social	National	World Bank Gender Equality Data and Statistics
Equal ability for a woman to get a job or pursue a trade or profession in the same way as a man - married and unmarried distinction	Economic	National	World Bank Gender Equality Data and Statistics
Equal ability for a woman to open a bank account in the same way as a man - married and unmarried distinction	Economic	National	World Bank Gender Equality Data and Statistics
Equal ability for a woman to register a business in the same way as a man - married and unmarried distinction	Economic	National	World Bank Gender Equality Data and Statistics
Equal ability for a woman to sign a contract in the same way as a man - married and unmarried distinction	Economic	National	World Bank Gender Equality Data and Statistics
Equal ability for a woman to travel outside her home in the same way as a man - married and unmarried distinction	Social	National	World Bank Gender Equality Data and Statistics
Equal pay legislation	Economic	National	World Bank Women, Business and the Law database
Equality of process for men and women travelling outside the country - married and unmarried distinction	Social	National	World Bank Gender Equality Data and Statistics
Equality of process for men and women when applying for passports and national ID cards - including married/unmarried woman distinction	Political	National	World Bank Gender Equality Data and Statistics
Existence of government office tasked with addressing sexual harassment	Social	National	World Bank Gender Equality Data and Statistics
Explicit constitutional provisions or laws on the rights of women	Political	National	World Bank Gender Equality Data and Statistics
Gender equity of evidentiary weight of testimony in court	Political	National	World Bank Gender Equality Data and Statistics
Imbalances in definitions of adultery	Social		N/A
Law guarantees equal women and men have the same right to be the legal guardian of a child during marriage (also impact of customary/traditional/religious laws)	Social	National	Social Institutions and Gender Index
Law guarantees women and men have the same right to be the legal guardian of and have custody rights over a child after divorce (also impact of customary/traditional/religious laws) (Social Institutions and Gender Index)	Social	National	Social Institutions and Gender Index
Laws on sex selection technology	Social		N/A
"Laws supporting women’s rights, access to resources and options"	Social		N/A
Legal age of marriage is the same for men and women (above/below 18)	Social	National	Social Institutions and Gender Index
Legal age of marriage is the same for men and women, but customary/traditional/religious laws discriminate against some women	Social	National	Social Institutions and Gender Index
Legal equality of male and female rights to access financial services i.e. credit, bank accounts and loans (impact of customary, traditional and religious practices)	Economic	National	Social Institutions and Gender Index
Legal equality of male and female rights to own, use and control land (impact of customary, traditional and religious practices)	Economic	National	Social Institutions and Gender Index
Legal equality of male and female rights to own, use and control non-land assets (impact of customary, traditional and religious practices)	Economic	National	Social Institutions and Gender Index
Legal quota levels for women in national parliament	Political	National & Sub-National	World Bank Gender Equality Data and Statistics
Legal quota levels for women on corporate boards	Economic	National	World Bank Gender Equality Data and Statistics
Legal quotas for the appointment of women in land dispute resolution committees	Economic	National	FAO Gender and Land Rights Database
Legal quotas for the appointment of women in land management and administration committees	Economic	National	FAO Gender and Land Rights Database
Legal recognition of customary courts	Political	National	World Bank Gender Equality Data and Statistics
Legal recognition of personal law courts	Political	National	World Bank Gender Equality Data and Statistics
Legal rights of surviving spouse in terms of rights to the matrimonial house for life	Economic	National	FAO Gender and Land Rights Database
Legislation on rape recognises marital rape	Social	National	Social Institutions and Gender Index
Legislation on sexual harassment in education	Social	National	World Bank Gender Equality Data and Statistics
Legislation on sexual harassment in employment	Social	National	World Bank Gender Equality Data and Statistics
Legislation on sexual harassment in public spaces	Social	National	World Bank Gender Equality Data and Statistics
Legislation on sexual harassment in service provision	Social	National	World Bank Gender Equality Data and Statistics
Legislation specifically addresses sexual harassment	Social	National	World Bank Gender Equality Data and Statistics
Legislation specifically addressing domestic violence	Social	National	World Bank Gender Equality Data and Statistics
Legislation to allow joint tenure for urban and rural property with marital community of property (and joint administration) as the default)	Economic		N/A
Length of maternity leave (weeks)	Economic	National	OECD IAEG-GS
Length of paid paternity leave (weeks)	Economic	National	OECD IAEG-GS
Married couples jointly share legal responsibility for financially maintaining the family's expenses	Economic	National	World Bank Gender Equality Data and Statistics
Maternity leave benefits (percentage of wages paid in covered period)	Economic		N/A
Outlawing of domestic violence	Social	National	World Bank Women, Business and the Law database
Parental leave with job protection (weeks)	Economic	National	OECD IAEG-GS
Political, legal, religious support for options for divorce (or lack of active opposition)	Social		N/A
Presence of gender budgets	Political		N/A
Presence of law requiring married woman to obey their husbands	Social	National	World Bank Gender Equality Data and Statistics
Presence of specific legislation on rape	Social	National	Social Institutions and Gender Index
Quota mechanisms for representation in local government (party lists, reserved seats, proportion of candidates, voluntary/mandatory etc.)	Political	National	World Bank Women, Business and the Law database
Quota mechanisms for representation in national legislature (party lists, reserved seats, proportion of candidates, voluntary/mandatory etc.)	Political	National	World Bank Women, Business and the Law database
Quota mechanisms for women on corporate boards	Economic	National	World Bank Women, Business and the Law database
Regulations on male/female work hours and roles	Economic	National	World Bank Women, Business and the Law database
Regulations on part-time work (e.g. bans or limitations)	Economic		N/A
Repealing of mitigating legislation around honour crimes	Social		N/A
Right to be a member of political party	Political		N/A
Right to hold public office	Political		N/A
Right to social protection	Social		N/A
Signatory of international agreements and principles on women's rights e.g. CEDAW, Beijing Plan for Action	Political		N/A
Specialised court or procedure for cases of domestic violence	Social	National	World Bank Gender Equality Data and Statistics
The legal framework includes provisions for the promotion of women’s rights to land, property, and/or productive resources.	Economic	National	FAO Gender and Land Rights Database
Total duration of paid maternity and parental leave (weeks)	Economic	National	OECD IAEG-GS
Under the law of succession, the surviving spouse is entitled to a minimum share of matrimonial property	Economic	National	FAO Gender and Land Rights Database
Whether sons and daughters have equal inheritance rights (and impact of traditional/religious/customary law)	Economic	National	Social Institutions and Gender Index
Whether widows and widowers have equal inheritance rights (and impact of traditional/religious/customary law)	Economic	National	Social Institutions and Gender Index

Participation

Indicator	Domain	Available Data	Source
Advocacy for rights and legislation	Social		N/A
Employment rate of persons aged 25-49 with a child under age 3 living in a household and with no children living in the household, by sex	Economic	National	ILO/EDGE
Equality between men and women for private sector employment	Economic	National	World Bank Women, Business and the Law database
Female employment levels and source of earning	Economic	National & Sub-National	Demographic and Health Surveys
Female participation in village meetings (questions, complaints, requests etc.)	Political		N/A
Female professional and technical workers (as percentage of total)	Economic		N/A
Impact of maternity laws on hiring of women	Economic		N/A
Informal employment as a proportion of total non-agricultural employment, by sex	Economic	National	ILO/EDGE
Labour force participation rate for persons aged 15-24, by sex	Economic	National	ILO/EDGE
Labour force participation rate for persons aged 15+, by sex	Economic	National	ILO/EDGE
Local campaigns against domestic violence	Social		N/A
Mobility of women/men within and outside their residential locality, as compared to men.	Social		N/A
Number of cases related to women's rights heard in local courts, and their results.	Social		N/A
Number of years of a female president or prime minister in the last 50 years	Political		N/A
Numbers of women in local institutions (e.g. women's associations, consciousness raising or income generating groups, local churches, ethnic and kinship associations) relative to project area population,	Social		N/A
Occupation (by gender)	Economic	National & Sub-National	Demographic and Health Surveys
Participation rates in religious groups, voluntary associations or community group, by sex	Political	National	Global Barometer Surveys (including regional Partners - Afro Barometer, Arab Barometer, Asian Barometer, Eurasia Barometer and Latino Barometer)
Participation rates in various forms of civic activity, by sex	Political	National	Global Barometer Surveys (including regional Partners - Afro Barometer, Arab Barometer, Asian Barometer, Eurasia Barometer and Latino Barometer)
Participation rates in various forms of political activity during the last election, by sex	Political	National	Global Barometer Surveys (including regional Partners - Afro Barometer, Arab Barometer, Asian Barometer, Eurasia Barometer and Latino Barometer)
Percentage distribution of employed population in agricultural sector, by sex	Economic	National	ILO/EDGE
Percentage distribution of employed population in industrial sector, by sex	Economic	National	ILO/EDGE
Percentage distribution of employed population in service sector, by sex	Economic	National	ILO/EDGE
Percentage of women participating in political actions - signing a petition, joining in boycotts, attending peaceful demonstrations, joining strikes, any other (any time and recent, absolute and relative to men)	Political	National & Sub-National	World Values Survey
Percentage of women who are members of - churches, environmental organisations, humanitarian or charitable organisations, consumer organisations, self-help/mutual aid groups - absolute and relative to men	Political	National & Sub-National	World Values Survey
Percentage of women who are members of professional associations - absolute and relative to men	Political	National & Sub-National	World Values Survey
Percentage of women who are union members - absolute and relative to men	Political	National & Sub-National	World Values Survey
Percentage of women/men who are members of political parties - absolute and relative to men	Political	National & Sub-National	World Values Survey
Presence of specific committees on gender issues with "mainstreaming" mission	Political		N/A
Presence of women in parliamentary committees and caucuses	Political		N/A
Presence of women's caucuses (lower/upper house, formal/informal, cross party status, female only status, rules status, presence of strategic plan, presence of communication plan, issues covered - family, gender, other)	Political	National	Inter-Parliamentary Union
Proportion of candidates for public office that are female	Political		N/A
Proportion of employed working part-time, by sex	Economic	National	ILO/EDGE
Proportion of seats held by women in national parliament (upper and lower house)	Political	National	Inter-Parliamentary Union/EDGE
Proportion of victorious candidates for public office that are female	Political		N/A
Proportion of women who migrate internationally	Economic		N/A
Rate at which the number of local justices/ prosecutors/ lawyers who are women/men is increasing/decreasing.	Social		N/A
Rate at which the number of women/men in the local police force, by rank, is increasing or decreasing.	Social		N/A
Rates of contact with courts, ease of obtaining assistance and bribes paid in process, by gender	Social	National	Global Barometer Surveys (including regional Partners - Afro Barometer, Arab Barometer, Asian Barometer, Eurasia Barometer and Latino Barometer)
Relative male/female under-employment rates	Economic		N/A
Reporting of crimes against women	Social		N/A
Share of female police officers	Political	National	UNODC/EDGE
Women’s access to modern transportation	Social		N/A
Women’s involvement and/or representation in local trade associations and access to markets	Economic		N/A
Women’s participation in extra-familial groups and social networks	Social		N/A
Women’s participation in peace processes, agreements and negotiations	Political		N/A
Women’s representation in high paying jobs; women CEOs	Economic		N/A
"Women’s visibility in and access to social spaces"	Social		N/A
Youth unemployment rate for persons aged 15-24, by sex	Economic	National	ILO/EDGE

Access to resources

Indicator	Domain	Available Data	Source
Access to anti-retroviral drug, by sex	Social	National	WHO/EDGE
Access to fertiliser and agricultural inputs	Economic		N/A
Access to information and skills that a woman deems helpful or necessary; awareness that such information/skills even exist	Social		N/A
Accounting knowledge	Economic		N/A
Adjusted net enrolment rate in primary education by sex	Social	National	UNESCO Institute for Statistics/EDGE
Adjusted net intake rate to the first grade of primary education, by sex	Social	National	UNESCO Institute for Statistics/EDGE
Adolescent birth rate	Social	National	UNPD/EDGE
Adolescent birth rate by economic quintile	Social	National	World Bank Gender Equality Data and Statistics
Adult mortality 15-34 years by cause	Social	National	WHO/EDGE
Adult mortality 35-59 years by cause	Social	National	WHO/EDGE
Age at first birth (Women only)	Social	National & Sub-National	Demographic and Health Surveys
Age at first marriage (actual, by gender)	Social	National	Demographic and Health Surveys
Age at first marriage (median, by gender)	Social	National & Sub-National	Demographic and Health Surveys
Age at first sexual intercourse (actual, by gender)	Social	National	Demographic and Health Surveys
Age at first sexual intercourse (median, by gender)	Social	National & Sub-National	Demographic and Health Surveys
Age gap with spouse	Social	National & Sub-National	Demographic and Health Surveys
Antenatal care coverage, at least four visits	Social	National	UNICEF/EDGE
Antenatal care coverage, at least one visit	Social	National	UNICEF/EDGE
Area dedicated to traditionally female crops	Economic		N/A
Availability of government provided childcare	Economic		N/A
Average number of hours spent on paid and unpaid domestic work combined (total work burden), by sex	Social	National	ILO/EDGE
Average number of hours spent on unpaid domestic work by sex (NB - Only partial separation of housework and childcare)	Social	National	ILO/EDGE
Changes in % of property owned by women and men (land, houses, livestock), across socio-economic and ethnic groups.	Economic		N/A
Childcare while working (access and type)	Economic	National & Sub-National	Demographic and Health Surveys
"Community mobilization for rights; campaigns for rights awareness; effective local enforcement of legal rights"	Political		N/A
Current marital status (by gender)	Social	National	Demographic and Health Surveys
Current use of any modern method of contraception (married women)	Social	National & Sub-National	Demographic and Health Surveys
Degree of turnover in women's group leadership	Political		N/A
Degree to which duty bearers ensure that women have the chance to know what they’re due, how they can access this, and what to do in the event that they are denied information or services	Social		N/A
Discussion of family planning with spouse (by gender)	Social	National	Demographic and Health Surveys
Distribution of agricultural holders, by sex	Economic	National	FAO Gender and Land Rights Database
Distribution of agricultural land area owned, by sex	Economic	National	FAO Gender and Land Rights Database
Distribution of agricultural land value owned, by sex	Economic	National	FAO Gender and Land Rights Database
Distribution of agricultural landowners, by sex	Economic	National	FAO Gender and Land Rights Database
Education gap with spouse	Social	National & Sub-National	Demographic and Health Surveys
Educational attainment (lower secondary) of the population aged 25 and older, by sex	Social	National	UNESCO Institute for Statistics/EDGE
Educational attainment (post-secondary) of the population aged 25 and older, by sex	Social	National	UNESCO Institute for Statistics/EDGE
Educational attainment (primary) of the population aged 25 and older, by sex	Social	National	UNESCO Institute for Statistics/EDGE
Educational attainment (tertiary) of the population aged 25 and older, by sex	Social	National	UNESCO Institute for Statistics/EDGE
Educational attainment (upper secondary) of the population aged 25 and older, by sex	Social	National	UNESCO Institute for Statistics/EDGE
Effective transition rate from primary to secondary education (general programmes), by sex	Social	National	UNESCO Institute for Statistics/EDGE
Enforcement of legislation related to the protection of human rights, as well as specially designed laws and judicial services to promote gender equity	Social		N/A
Estimated GNI per capita, by sex	Economic	National	UNDP/HDR
Evidence of "missing women"	Social	National	Social Institutions and Gender Index
Experience of crime and levels of crime reporting, by sex	Social	National	Global Barometer Surveys (including regional Partners - Afro Barometer, Arab Barometer, Asian Barometer, Eurasia Barometer and Latino Barometer)
Exposure to mass media (newspapers, radio and television; by gender)	Political	National & Sub-National	Demographic and Health Surveys
Extent of training or networking among local women, as compared to men.	Social		N/A
Extent to which women's groups form larger alliances and coalitions to achieve collective gains	Political		N/A
Fear of crime, by sex	Social	National	Global Barometer Surveys (including regional Partners - Afro Barometer, Arab Barometer, Asian Barometer, Eurasia Barometer and Latino Barometer)
Fear walking in neighbourhood, by sex	Social	National	Global Barometer Surveys (including regional Partners - Afro Barometer, Arab Barometer, Asian Barometer, Eurasia Barometer and Latino Barometer)
Female literacy levels	Social	National & Sub-National	Demographic and Health Surveys
Female nutritional intake	Social		N/A
Female school attendance rates	Social	National & Sub-National	Demographic and Health Surveys
Femicide rates	Social		N/A
Funding for gender equality initiatives	Political		N/A
Gender gap in wages	Economic	National	ILO/EDGE
Gender parity index of the gross enrolment ratio in primary education	Social	National	UNESCO Institute for Statistics/EDGE
Gender parity index of the gross enrolment ratio in secondary education	Social	National	UNESCO Institute for Statistics/EDGE
Gender parity index of the gross enrolment ratio in tertiary education	Social	National	UNESCO Institute for Statistics/EDGE
Girl child health outcomes - height for age, stunting, weight for height, BMI	Social	National & Sub-National	Demographic and Health Surveys
Gross enrolment ratio in secondary education, by sex	Social	National	UNESCO Institute for Statistics/EDGE
Gross enrolment ratio in tertiary education, by sex	Social	National	UNESCO Institute for Statistics/EDGE
Gross graduation ratio from lower secondary education, by sex	Social	National	UNESCO Institute for Statistics/EDGE
Incidence of agricultural landownership, by sex	Economic	National	FAO Gender and Land Rights Database
Increase/decrease in violence against women	Social	National & Sub-National	Demographic and Health Surveys
Individual/Joint landholding with spouse	Economic		N/A
Inequalities in child health indicators (vaccination rates, BMI, rates of malnutrition/stunting)	Social	National & Sub-National	Demographic and Health Surveys
Knowledge of laws around issues of women's social positions, status, equality etc.	Social		N/A
"Knowledge of legal rights; domestic support for exercising rights"	Political		N/A
Knowledge of political system and means of access to it (absolute and relative)	Political		N/A
Level of out-of-pocket health expenditure/public health spending/subsidies by gender	Social		N/A
Life expectancy at age 60, by sex	Social	National	UNPD/EDGE
Life expectancy at birth, by sex	Social	National	UNDP/HDR
Male/Female performance at school in different subjects	Social		N/A
Maternal mortality ratio	Social	National	WHO/EDGE
Mean years of schooling, by sex	Social	National	UNESCO Institute for Statistics
Number of cases related to the legal rights of divorced and widowed women heard in local courts, and the results.	Social		N/A
Nursing and midwifery personnel per 1000 head of population	Social	National	Global Health Observatory
Parental control on marriage	Social		N/A
Percentage of available credit, financial and technical support services going to women/men from government/non-government sources.	Economic		N/A
Percentage of births attended by skilled health staff	Social	National & Sub-National	Demographic and Health Surveys
Percentage of men and women accessing ICT's, internet and mobile phones	Social		N/A
Percentage of women aged 20-24 years who were married or in a union before age 18	Social	National	UNICEF/EDGE
Percentage of women with birth certificates	Political		N/A
Political funding networks/mechanisms for female candidates	Political		N/A
Possession of formal/legal proof of tenure or ownership	Economic		N/A
Presence of machinery to monitor and sanction on equality legislation (e.g. independent ombudsman, political committees, service delivery contracts)	Political		N/A
Presence of services and trained professionals for victims of VAW	Social		N/A
Prevalence of FGM/cutting	Social	National & Sub-National	Demographic and Health Surveys
Prevalence of sexual harassment	Social		N/A
Primary education completion rate (proxy), by sex	Social	National	UNESCO Institute for Statistics/EDGE
Proportion of adult population owning land, by sex	Economic	National	World Bank/EDGE
Proportion of births attended by a skilled health professional	Social	National	UNESCO Institute for Statistics/EDGE
Proportion of children under age 3 in formal care	Economic	National	OECD/EDGE
Proportion of ever-partnered women (aged 15-49) subjected to physical and/or sexual violence by a current or former intimate partner, in the last 12 months	Social	National	UNSD, WHO/EDGE
Proportion of households with access to mass media (radio, TV, internet), by sex of household head	Social	National	International Telecommunication Union/EDGE
Proportion of individuals using mobile/cellular telephones, by sex	Social	National	International Telecommunication Union/EDGE
Proportion of individuals using the internet, by sex	Social	National	International Telecommunication Union/EDGE
Proportion of population with access to credit, by sex	Economic	National	World Bank/EDGE
Proportion of women (aged 15-49) subjected to sexual violence by persons other than an intimate partner, since age 15	Social	National	UNSD, WHO/EDGE
Rates of conviction for sexual assault	Social		N/A
Rates of intimate partner violence	Social	National & Sub-National	Demographic and Health Surveys
Regional/national trends in timing of marriage: political, legal, religious support for (or lack of active opposition to)	Social		N/A
Relative contribution of women’s earnings to household expenditures (For married/living together and otherwise)	Economic	National & Sub-National	Demographic and Health Surveys
Relative poverty of female headed households	Economic	National & Sub-National	Demographic and Health Surveys
Relative size and profitability of female farming plots	Economic		N/A
Relative size and profitability of female owned firms (absolute and sectors)	Economic		N/A
Salary/wage differentials between women and men for similar work	Economic		N/A
Sex ratios of infant and under-five mortality	Social	National & Sub-National	Demographic and Health Surveys
Share of female science, engineering, manufacturing and construction graduates at tertiary level	Social	National	UNESCO Institute for Statistics/EDGE
Strength as a voting bloc	Political		N/A
Systems providing easy access to contraception, safe abortion, reproductive health services	Social		N/A
Teenage pregnancy and motherhood	Social	National & Sub-National	Demographic and Health Surveys
The effect of the enforcement of legislation in terms of treatment of offenders against women.	Social		N/A
Total fertility rates - births per woman	Social	National	World Bank Gender Equality Data and Statistics
Total fertility rates - births per woman by economic quintile	Social	National	World Bank Gender Equality Data and Statistics
Under-five mortality rate, by sex	Social	National	UNICEF/EDGE
Unmet need for contraceptives	Social	National & Sub-National	Demographic and Health Surveys
Women's share of population aged 15-49 living with HIV/AIDS	Social	National	UNICEF/EDGE
Youth literacy rate of persons (15-24 years), by sex	Social	National	UNESCO Institute for Statistics/EDGE

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Women and power: what can the numbers tell us about women's voice, leadership and decision-making?

Women and power: what can the numbers tell us about women's voice, leadership and decision-making?

Women and power: what can the numbers tell us about women's voice, leadership and decision-making? - Database of indicators

Women's voice and leadership indicators database

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Women and power: what can the numbers tell us about women's voice, leadership and decision-making?

Women and power: what can the numbers tell us about women's voice, leadership and decision-making?

Women and power: what can the numbers tell us about women's voice, leadership and decision-making? - Database of indicators

Women's voice and leadership indicators database

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