Donors can localise aid without necessarily working with the government or other stakeholders, but a whole-of-society approach implies the need to do just that. This report brings the two concepts together. 

In the absence of a clear rulebook for how this can be achieved, we suggest two major priorities for donors:

• The radical internalisation of complexity in strategic and programme decisions; and

• Much better sharing of information  between donors, national governments and the public at large.